After upgrade to 24.04, 4 (out of 13) of my disks no longer show up

Sure, that is definitely possible, although it worked fine in Bluefin and Cobia, and is currently working (in 24.04 Dragonfish) for the drives in the other pool.

For the record, this is the SATA card:

04:00.0 SATA controller [0106]: ASMedia Technology Inc. ASM1166 Serial ATA Controller [1b21:1166] (rev 02)
	Subsystem: ZyDAS Technology Corp. ASM1166 Serial ATA Controller [2116:2116]
	Kernel driver in use: ahci
	Kernel modules: ahci