Hi, I am trying to make a backup of my Zpool to a USB HDD connected to a Windows 11 PC. Despite having a 10Gb network I am only copying at 40MB/s. I have just changed the TN NIC to MTU 9014 and Jumbo frames is enabled on my Windows 11 machine.
According to the dashboard my NAS the CPU is only running at 16% max. The USB HDD spec should be running at around 130MB/s
Are you by chance copying many small files?
Big files as much as 1TB@40MB/s I have a total of about 6TB I need to copy. I understand small files reduce the speed but 40MB/s is the max speed I am getting.
Just to be sure:
Have you tried copying some files to your PCs internal SSD/HDD and have you tried copying files from there to the USB HDD?
Just to make sure that the problem is actually with the network copy, not with the HDD.
Also copying them to another PC (even one attached with 1Gb) might be interesting to fully rule out the PC as the problem.
I copied a 700MB file to my SSD and Windows file explorer speed was ~250MB/s in addition of still robocopying my Zpool to HDD.
It would appear that the bottleneck is the USB HDD. Copying the 700MB file to the USB drive only achieved 20MB/s in windows explorer.
1 Like
Check the SMART data of the HDD - that is very slow. Although 40MBps sounds strangely close to USB 2.0’s 400Mbps - have you attached it to the wrong port?
Nothing looking weird to me although I’m not quite sure how to correctly interpret the seek error rate.
Can you attach it directly to your PC via SATA?
I don’t want to chuck this drive.
Understandable. In that case you won’t be able to find out if it’s the drive or the enclosure I think.
Check the drive on another PC. If it’ slow there as well you may still be able to return it considering the few power on hours. You’ll most likely still have warranty on it in any case…
Going to buy a branded Micro USB B gen 3 cable and see if that makes a difference.
If you suspect a bad cable you can check which USB version the device currently uses with USB Device Tree Viewer
Btw I always advise to buy external HDDs with USB-C or USB-B. Micro USB 3 just sucks.
Where did you find this info?
If i may say, test and review on that product that i see are in line with your results: seems a fairly widespread opinion enclosure have a really bad usb controller, also in the past seems they contains SMR disks (not your case).
20-40MBps is really slow, even for a USB HDD.
This test says that writes fell from just under 200MB/s to ~100MB/s which seems realistic to me.
There is not doubt that those result are terrible 
I have found a video where a guy show those results:
They are even worst than my 2.5" attached to a chinese adapter.
For sure try another cable may help, i also would try a test with crystaldiskmark just as comparison
That’s a good point, the amazon info only gives a 120MB’s read speed.
=========================== USB Port22 ===========================
Connection Status : 0x01 (Device is connected)
Port Chain : 1-22
Properties : 0x03
IsUserConnectable : yes
PortIsDebugCapable : yes
PortHasMultiCompanions : no
PortConnectorIsTypeC : no
ConnectionIndex : 0x16 (Port 22)
CompanionIndex : 0
CompanionHubSymLnk : USB#ROOT_HUB30#4&143f169d&0&0#{f18a0e88-c30c-11d0-8815-00a0c906bed8}
CompanionPortNumber : 0x06 (Port 6)
→ CompanionPortChain : 1-6
========================== Summary =========================
Vendor ID : 0x0BC2 (Seagate Technology LLC)
Product ID : 0x3343
Manufacturer String : “Seagate”
Product String : “Desktop”
Serial : “NA7HX03V”
USB Version : 3.0 (5 Gbit/s)
Port maximum Speed : SuperSpeed
Device maximum Speed : SuperSpeed
Device Connection Speed : SuperSpeed
Self powered : yes
Demanded Current : 0 mA
Used Endpoints : 5
======================== USB Device ========================
+++++++++++++++++ Device Information ++++++++++++++++++
Device Description : USB Attached SCSI (UAS) Mass Storage Device
Device Path 1 : \?\USB#VID_0BC2&PID_3343#MSFT30NA7HX03V#{a5dcbf10-6530-11d2-901f-00c04fb951ed} (GUID_DEVINTERFACE_USB_DEVICE)
Device Path 2 : \?\USB#VID_0BC2&PID_3343#MSFT30NA7HX03V#{2accfe60-c130-11d2-b082-00a0c91efb8b} (GUID_DEVINTERFACE_STORAGEPORT)
Kernel Name : \Device\USBPDO-10
Device ID : USB\VID_0BC2&PID_3343\MSFT30NA7HX03V
Hardware IDs : USB\VID_0BC2&PID_3343&REV_0100 USB\VID_0BC2&PID_3343
Driver KeyName : {4d36e97b-e325-11ce-bfc1-08002be10318}\0011 (GUID_DEVCLASS_SCSIADAPTER)
Driver : \SystemRoot\System32\drivers\uaspstor.sys (Version: 10.0.26100.1882 Date: 2025-08-06 Company: Microsoft Corporation)
Driver Inf : C:\WINDOWS\inf\uaspstor.inf
Legacy BusType : PNPBus
Class : SCSIAdapter
Class GUID : {4d36e97b-e325-11ce-bfc1-08002be10318} (GUID_DEVCLASS_SCSIADAPTER)
Service : UASPStor
Enumerator : USB
Location Info : Port_#0022.Hub_#0003
Address : 22
Location IDs : PCIROOT(0)#PCI(1400)#USBROOT(0)USB(22), ACPI(SB)#ACPI(PC00)#ACPI(XHCI)#ACPI(RHUB)#ACPI(SS06)
Container ID : {6543c857-e25a-54cc-97d9-9c3fc79f96a7}
Manufacturer Info : USB Attached SCSI (UAS) Compatible Device
Capabilities : 0x14 (Removable, UniqueID)
Status : 0x0180600A (DN_DRIVER_LOADED, DN_STARTED, DN_DISABLEABLE, DN_REMOVABLE, DN_NT_ENUMERATOR, DN_NT_DRIVER)
First Install Date : 2025-10-06 17:06:48
Last Arrival Date : 2025-10-06 17:06:48
Bus Relations : SCSI\Disk&Ven_Seagate&Prod_Desktop\6&276fe97b&0&000000
EnhancedPowerMgmtEnabled : 0
Power State : D0 (supported: D0, D3, wake from D0)
+++++++++++++++++ Registry USB Flags +++++++++++++++++
HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\Control\usbflags\0BC233430100
osvc : REG_BINARY 00 00
---------------- Connection Information ---------------
Connection Index : 0x16 (Port 22)
Connection Status : 0x01 (DeviceConnected)
Current Config Value : 0x01 (Configuration 1)
Device Address : 0x07 (7)
Is Hub : 0x00 (no)
Device Bus Speed : 0x02 (High-Speed) → not true, see below in Connection Information V2
Number of open Pipes : 0x04 (4 pipes to data endpoints)
Pipe[0] : EndpointID=1 Direction=IN ScheduleOffset=0 Type=Bulk wMaxPacketSize=0x400 bInterval=0
Pipe[1] : EndpointID=2 Direction=OUT ScheduleOffset=0 Type=Bulk wMaxPacketSize=0x400 bInterval=0
Pipe[2] : EndpointID=3 Direction=IN ScheduleOffset=0 Type=Bulk wMaxPacketSize=0x400 bInterval=0
Pipe[3] : EndpointID=4 Direction=OUT ScheduleOffset=0 Type=Bulk wMaxPacketSize=0x400 bInterval=0
Data (HexDump) : 16 00 00 00 12 01 00 03 00 00 00 09 C2 0B 43 33 …C3
00 01 02 03 01 01 01 02 00 07 00 04 00 00 00 01 …
00 00 00 07 05 81 02 00 04 00 00 00 00 00 07 05 …
02 02 00 04 00 00 00 00 00 07 05 83 02 00 04 00 …
00 00 00 00 07 05 04 02 00 04 00 00 00 00 00 …
--------------- Connection Information V2 -------------
Connection Index : 0x16 (22)
Length : 0x10 (16 bytes)
SupportedUsbProtocols : 0x04
Usb110 : 0 (no, port not supports USB 1.1) → but Companion Port 1-6 does
Usb200 : 0 (no, port not supports USB 2.0) → but Companion Port 1-6 does
Usb300 : 1 (yes, port supports USB 3.0)
ReservedMBZ : 0x00
Flags : 0x03
DevIsOpAtSsOrHigher : 1 (Device is operating at SuperSpeed or higher)
DevIsSsCapOrHigher : 1 (Device is SuperSpeed capable or higher)
DevIsOpAtSsPlusOrHigher : 0 (Device is not operating at SuperSpeedPlus or higher)
DevIsSsPlusCapOrHigher : 0 (Device is not SuperSpeedPlus capable or higher)
ReservedMBZ : 0x00
Data (HexDump) : 16 00 00 00 10 00 00 00 04 00 00 00 03 00 00 00 …
---------------------- Device Descriptor ----------------------
bLength : 0x12 (18 bytes)
bDescriptorType : 0x01 (Device Descriptor)
bcdUSB : 0x300 (USB Version 3.0)
bDeviceClass : 0x00 (defined by the interface descriptors)
bDeviceSubClass : 0x00
bDeviceProtocol : 0x00
bMaxPacketSize0 : 0x09 (9 bytes)
idVendor : 0x0BC2 (Seagate Technology LLC)
idProduct : 0x3343
bcdDevice : 0x0100
iManufacturer : 0x02 (String Descriptor 2)
Language 0x0409 : “Seagate”
iProduct : 0x03 (String Descriptor 3)
Language 0x0409 : “Desktop”
iSerialNumber : 0x01 (String Descriptor 1)
Language 0x0409 : “NA7HX03V”
bNumConfigurations : 0x01 (1 Configuration)
Data (HexDump) : 12 01 00 03 00 00 00 09 C2 0B 43 33 00 01 02 03 …C3…
01 01 …
------------------ Configuration Descriptor -------------------
bLength : 0x09 (9 bytes)
bDescriptorType : 0x02 (Configuration Descriptor)
wTotalLength : 0x0079 (121 bytes)
bNumInterfaces : 0x01 (1 Interface)
bConfigurationValue : 0x01 (Configuration 1)
iConfiguration : 0x00 (No String Descriptor)
bmAttributes : 0xC0
D7: Reserved, set 1 : 0x01
D6: Self Powered : 0x01 (yes)
D5: Remote Wakeup : 0x00 (no)
D4…0: Reserved, set 0 : 0x00
MaxPower : 0x00 (0 mA)
Data (HexDump) : 09 02 79 00 01 01 00 C0 00 09 04 00 00 02 08 06 …y…
50 00 07 05 81 02 00 04 00 06 30 0F 00 00 00 07 P…0…
05 02 02 00 04 00 06 30 0F 00 00 00 09 04 00 01 …0…
04 08 06 62 00 07 05 81 02 00 04 00 06 30 0F 05 …b…0…
00 00 04 24 03 00 07 05 02 02 00 04 00 06 30 0F …$…0.
05 00 00 04 24 04 00 07 05 83 02 00 04 00 06 30 …$…0
0F 05 00 00 04 24 02 00 07 05 04 02 00 04 00 06 …$…
30 00 00 00 00 04 24 01 00 0…$…
---------------- Interface Descriptor -----------------
bLength : 0x09 (9 bytes)
bDescriptorType : 0x04 (Interface Descriptor)
bInterfaceNumber : 0x00 (Interface 0)
bAlternateSetting : 0x00
bNumEndpoints : 0x02 (2 Endpoints)
bInterfaceClass : 0x08 (Mass Storage)
bInterfaceSubClass : 0x06 (SCSI transparent command set)
bInterfaceProtocol : 0x50 (Bulk-Only Transport)
iInterface : 0x00 (No String Descriptor)
Data (HexDump) : 09 04 00 00 02 08 06 50 00 …P.
----------------- Endpoint Descriptor -----------------
bLength : 0x07 (7 bytes)
bDescriptorType : 0x05 (Endpoint Descriptor)
bEndpointAddress : 0x81 (Direction=IN EndpointID=1)
bmAttributes : 0x02 (TransferType=Bulk)
wMaxPacketSize : 0x0400 (max 1024 bytes)
bInterval : 0x00 (never NAKs)
Data (HexDump) : 07 05 81 02 00 04 00 …
------ SuperSpeed Endpoint Companion Descriptor -------
bLength : 0x06 (6 bytes)
bDescriptorType : 0x30 (SuperSpeed Endpoint Companion Descriptor)
bMaxBurst : 0x0F (up to 16 packets per burst)
bmAttributes : 0x00 (The bulk endpoint does not define streams)
wBytesPerInterval : 0x0000
Data (HexDump) : 06 30 0F 00 00 00 .0…
----------------- Endpoint Descriptor -----------------
bLength : 0x07 (7 bytes)
bDescriptorType : 0x05 (Endpoint Descriptor)
bEndpointAddress : 0x02 (Direction=OUT EndpointID=2)
bmAttributes : 0x02 (TransferType=Bulk)
wMaxPacketSize : 0x0400 (max 1024 bytes)
bInterval : 0x00 (never NAKs)
Data (HexDump) : 07 05 02 02 00 04 00 …
------ SuperSpeed Endpoint Companion Descriptor -------
bLength : 0x06 (6 bytes)
bDescriptorType : 0x30 (SuperSpeed Endpoint Companion Descriptor)
bMaxBurst : 0x0F (up to 16 packets per burst)
bmAttributes : 0x00 (The bulk endpoint does not define streams)
wBytesPerInterval : 0x0000
Data (HexDump) : 06 30 0F 00 00 00 .0…
---------------- Interface Descriptor -----------------
bLength : 0x09 (9 bytes)
bDescriptorType : 0x04 (Interface Descriptor)
bInterfaceNumber : 0x00 (Interface 0)
bAlternateSetting : 0x01
bNumEndpoints : 0x04 (4 Endpoints)
bInterfaceClass : 0x08 (Mass Storage)
bInterfaceSubClass : 0x06 (SCSI transparent command set)
bInterfaceProtocol : 0x62 (USB Attached SCSI - UAS)
iInterface : 0x00 (No String Descriptor)
Data (HexDump) : 09 04 00 01 04 08 06 62 00 …b.
----------------- Endpoint Descriptor -----------------
bLength : 0x07 (7 bytes)
bDescriptorType : 0x05 (Endpoint Descriptor)
bEndpointAddress : 0x81 (Direction=IN EndpointID=1)
bmAttributes : 0x02 (TransferType=Bulk)
wMaxPacketSize : 0x0400 (max 1024 bytes)
bInterval : 0x00 (never NAKs)
Data (HexDump) : 07 05 81 02 00 04 00 …
------ SuperSpeed Endpoint Companion Descriptor -------
bLength : 0x06 (6 bytes)
bDescriptorType : 0x30 (SuperSpeed Endpoint Companion Descriptor)
bMaxBurst : 0x0F (up to 16 packets per burst)
bmAttributes : 0x05 (32 streams supported)
wBytesPerInterval : 0x0000
Data (HexDump) : 06 30 0F 05 00 00 .0…
------------- UAS Pipe Usage Descriptor ---------------
bLength : 0x04 (4 bytes)
bDescriptorType : 0x24 (UAS Pipe Usage Descriptor)
bPipeID : 0x03 (Pipe ID=3)
bReserved : 0x00
Data (HexDump) : 04 24 03 00 .$…
----------------- Endpoint Descriptor -----------------
bLength : 0x07 (7 bytes)
bDescriptorType : 0x05 (Endpoint Descriptor)
bEndpointAddress : 0x02 (Direction=OUT EndpointID=2)
bmAttributes : 0x02 (TransferType=Bulk)
wMaxPacketSize : 0x0400 (max 1024 bytes)
bInterval : 0x00 (never NAKs)
Data (HexDump) : 07 05 02 02 00 04 00 …
------ SuperSpeed Endpoint Companion Descriptor -------
bLength : 0x06 (6 bytes)
bDescriptorType : 0x30 (SuperSpeed Endpoint Companion Descriptor)
bMaxBurst : 0x0F (up to 16 packets per burst)
bmAttributes : 0x05 (32 streams supported)
wBytesPerInterval : 0x0000
Data (HexDump) : 06 30 0F 05 00 00 .0…
------------- UAS Pipe Usage Descriptor ---------------
bLength : 0x04 (4 bytes)
bDescriptorType : 0x24 (UAS Pipe Usage Descriptor)
bPipeID : 0x04 (Pipe ID=4)
bReserved : 0x00
Data (HexDump) : 04 24 04 00 .$…
----------------- Endpoint Descriptor -----------------
bLength : 0x07 (7 bytes)
bDescriptorType : 0x05 (Endpoint Descriptor)
bEndpointAddress : 0x83 (Direction=IN EndpointID=3)
bmAttributes : 0x02 (TransferType=Bulk)
wMaxPacketSize : 0x0400 (max 1024 bytes)
bInterval : 0x00 (never NAKs)
Data (HexDump) : 07 05 83 02 00 04 00 …
------ SuperSpeed Endpoint Companion Descriptor -------
bLength : 0x06 (6 bytes)
bDescriptorType : 0x30 (SuperSpeed Endpoint Companion Descriptor)
bMaxBurst : 0x0F (up to 16 packets per burst)
bmAttributes : 0x05 (32 streams supported)
wBytesPerInterval : 0x0000
Data (HexDump) : 06 30 0F 05 00 00 .0…
------------- UAS Pipe Usage Descriptor ---------------
bLength : 0x04 (4 bytes)
bDescriptorType : 0x24 (UAS Pipe Usage Descriptor)
bPipeID : 0x02 (Pipe ID=2)
bReserved : 0x00
Data (HexDump) : 04 24 02 00 .$…
----------------- Endpoint Descriptor -----------------
bLength : 0x07 (7 bytes)
bDescriptorType : 0x05 (Endpoint Descriptor)
bEndpointAddress : 0x04 (Direction=OUT EndpointID=4)
bmAttributes : 0x02 (TransferType=Bulk)
wMaxPacketSize : 0x0400 (max 1024 bytes)
bInterval : 0x00 (never NAKs)
Data (HexDump) : 07 05 04 02 00 04 00 …
------ SuperSpeed Endpoint Companion Descriptor -------
bLength : 0x06 (6 bytes)
bDescriptorType : 0x30 (SuperSpeed Endpoint Companion Descriptor)
bMaxBurst : 0x00 (up to 1 packets per burst)
bmAttributes : 0x00 (The bulk endpoint does not define streams)
wBytesPerInterval : 0x0000
Data (HexDump) : 06 30 00 00 00 00 .0…
------------- UAS Pipe Usage Descriptor ---------------
bLength : 0x04 (4 bytes)
bDescriptorType : 0x24 (UAS Pipe Usage Descriptor)
bPipeID : 0x01 (Pipe ID=1)
bReserved : 0x00
Data (HexDump) : 04 24 01 00 .$…
---------- Binary Object Store (BOS) Descriptor -----------
bLength : 0x05 (5 bytes)
bDescriptorType : 0x0F (Binary Object Store)
wTotalLength : 0x0016 (22 bytes)
bNumDeviceCaps : 0x02
Data (HexDump) : 05 0F 16 00 02 …
------------- USB 2.0 Extension Descriptor ------------
bLength : 0x07 (7 bytes)
bDescriptorType : 0x10 (Device Capability Descriptor)
bDevCapabilityType : 0x02 (USB 2.0 Extension)
bmAttributes : 0x02
LPMCapable : 1 (Link Power Management protocol is supported)
BESLAndAlternateHIRD : 0 (BESL & Alternate HIRD definitions are not supported)
BaselineBESLValid : 0 (not valid)
DeepBESLValid : 0 (not valid)
BaselineBESL : 0
DeepBESL : 0
Data (HexDump) : 07 10 02 02 00 00 00 …
----- SuperSpeed USB Device Capability Descriptor -----
bLength : 0x0A (10 bytes)
bDescriptorType : 0x10 (Device Capability Descriptor)
bDevCapabilityType : 0x03 (SuperSpeed USB Device Capability)
bmAttributes : 0x00
Bit 0 Reserved : 0x00
Bit 1 LTM Capable : 0x00 (no)
Bit 7:2 Reserved : 0x00
wSpeedsSupported : 0x0E (Full-Speed, High-Speed, SuperSpeed)
bFunctionalitySupport : 0x01 (lowest speed with all the functionality is ‘Full-Speed’)
bU1DevExitLat : 0x0A (less than 10 µs)
wU2DevExitLat : 0x07FF (less than 2047 µs)
Data (HexDump) : 0A 10 03 00 0E 00 01 0A FF 07 …
-------------------- String Descriptors -------------------
------ String Descriptor 0 ------
bLength : 0x04 (4 bytes)
bDescriptorType : 0x03 (String Descriptor)
Language ID[0] : 0x0409 (English - United States)
Data (HexDump) : 04 03 09 04 …
------ String Descriptor 1 ------
bLength : 0x12 (18 bytes)
bDescriptorType : 0x03 (String Descriptor)
Language 0x0409 : “NA7HX03V”
Data (HexDump) : 12 03 4E 00 41 00 37 00 48 00 58 00 30 00 33 00 …N.A.7.H.X.0.3.
56 00 V.
------ String Descriptor 2 ------
bLength : 0x10 (16 bytes)
bDescriptorType : 0x03 (String Descriptor)
Language 0x0409 : “Seagate”
Data (HexDump) : 10 03 53 00 65 00 61 00 67 00 61 00 74 00 65 00 …S.e.a.g.a.t.e.
------ String Descriptor 3 ------
bLength : 0x10 (16 bytes)
bDescriptorType : 0x03 (String Descriptor)
Language 0x0409 : “Desktop”
Data (HexDump) : 10 03 44 00 65 00 73 00 6B 00 74 00 6F 00 70 00 …D.e.s.k.t.o.p.
The part number points to an Ironwolf. CMR (I suspected a SMR drive suffereing under sustained load, nope). So it seems that the USB bridge is just terrible.
