Export again, then import from the UI.
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Hallelujah, that worked. Thx to everyone for their help.
A couple of small details remain:
- Why does the “Topology” section of “Storage” have an orange exclamation mark? Is it because I have a bunch of VDEVs unassigned? Do I need these? (Currently, only the “Data VDEVs” line shows assignments.)
- The “ZFS Health” section has a red X, indicating a problem. These are brand new disks, and I think the problem is a corrupted file which was created some time ago on the old disks. “zpool status -v” tells me it is a zfs snapshot file (2 years old) which has “permanent errors”. So I deleted that snapshot (via the GUI interface), and now I get this:
errors: Permanent errors have been detected in the following files:
<0x1e33a>:<0x70d7>
What do I do with this?
Thx again for the help.
This is an error in ZFS metadata. You cannot fix it. 
Destroy the pool and restore from a good backup.
If I run a replication task for the pool now, will it also replicate the error? Is this the correct way to create a full pool backup? And how can I check if a backup is “good”?
The first one is a good question…
If you have earlier backups and they scrub without errors, these should be good. Else I suggest manually inspecting the data.